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Fire Alarm System Limitations
While a fire alarm system may lower insurance rates, it is not a substitute for fire insurance!
An automatic fire alarm system–typically made up of smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual pull stations, audible warning devices, and a fire alarm control with remote notification capability–can provide early warning of a developing fire.
Such a system, however, does not assure protection against property damage or loss of life resulting from a fire.
The Manufacturer recommends that smoke and/or heat detectors be located throughout a protected premise following the recommendations of the current edition of the National Fire Protection Association Standard 72 (NFPA 72), manufacturer's recommendations, State and local codes, and the recommendations contained in the Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors, which is made available at no charge to all installing dealers. A study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (an agency of the United States government) indicated that smoke detectors may not go off in as many as 35% of all fires. While fire alarm systems are designed to provide early warning against fire, they do not guarantee warning or protection against fire. A fire alarm system may not provide timely or adequate warning, or simply may not function, for a variety of reasons:
Smoke detectors may not sense fire where smoke cannot reach the detectors such as in chimneys, in or behind walls, on roofs, or on the other side of closed doors. Smoke detectors also may not sense a fire on another level or floor of a building. A second-floor detector, for example, may not sense a first-floor or basement fire.
Particles of combustion or "smoke" from a developing fire may not reach the sensing chambers of smoke detectors be- cause:
l Barriers such as closed or partially closed doors, walls, or chimneys may inhibit particle or smoke flow.
l Smoke particles may become "cold," stratify, and not reach the ceiling or upper walls where detectors are located.
l Smoke particles may be blown away from detectors by air outlets.
l Smoke particles may be drawn into air returns before reaching the detector.
The amount of "smoke" present may be insufficient to alarm smoke detectors. Smoke detectors are designed to alarm at various levels of smoke density. If such density levels are not created by a developing fire at the location of detectors, the detectors will not go into alarm.
Smoke detectors, even when working properly, have sensing limitations. Detectors that have photo electronic sensing chambers tend to detect smoldering fires better than flaming fires, which have little visible smoke. Detectors that have ionizing-type sensing chambers tend to detect fast-flaming fires better than smoldering fires. Because fires develop in different ways and are often unpredictable in their growth, neither type of detector is necessarily best and a given type of detector may not provide adequate warning of a fire.
Smoke detectors cannot be expected to provide adequate warning of fires caused by arson, children playing with matches (especially in bedrooms), smoking in bed, and violent explosions (caused by escaping gas, improper storage of flammable materials, etc.).
Heat detectors do not sense particles of combustion and alarm only when heat on their sensors increases at a predetermined rate or reaches a predetermined level. Rate-of-rise heat detectors may be subject to reduced sensitivity over time. For this reason, the rate-of-rise feature of each detector should be tested at least once per year by a qualified fire protection specialist. Heat detectors are designed to protect property, not life.
Audible warning devices such as bells may not alert people if these devices are located on the other side of closed or partly open doors or are located on another floor of a building. Any warning device may fail to alert people with a disability or those who have recently consumed drugs, alcohol or medication. Please note that:
l Strobes can, under certain circumstances, cause seizures in people with conditions such as epilepsy.
l Studies have shown that certain people, even when they hear a fire alarm signal, do not respond or comprehend the meaning of the signal. It is the property owner's responsibility to conduct fire drills and other training exercise to make people aware of fire alarm signals and instruct them on the proper reaction to alarm signals.
l In rare instances, the sounding of a warning device can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss.
A fire alarm system will not operate without any electrical power. If AC power fails, the system will operate from standby batteries only for a specified time and only if the batteries have been properly maintained and replaced regularly.
Equipment used in the system may not be technically compatible with the control. It is essential to use only equipment listed for service with your control panel.
Telephone lines needed to transmit alarm signals from a premise to a central monitoring station may be out of service or temporarily disabled. For added protection against telephone line failure, backup radio transmission systems are recommended.
The most common cause of fire alarm malfunction is inadequate maintenance. To keep the entire fire alarm system in excellent working order, ongoing maintenance is required per the manufacturer's recommendations, and UL and NFPA standards. At a minimum, the requirements of Chapter 7 of NFPA 72 shall be followed. Environments with large amounts of dust, dirt or high air velocity require more frequent maintenance. A maintenance agreement should be arranged through the local manufacturer's representative. Maintenance should be scheduled monthly or as required by National and/ or local fire codes and should be performed by authorized professional fire alarm installers only. Adequate written records of all inspections should be kept.
Installation Precautions
Adherence to the following will aid in problem-free installation with long-term reliability:
WARNING - Several different sources of power can be connected to the fire alarm control panel. Disconnect all sources of power before servicing. Control unit and associated equipment may be damaged by removing and/or inserting cards, modules, or interconnecting cables while the unit is energized. Do not attempt to install, service, or operate this unit until this manual is read and understood.
CAUTION - System Reacceptance Test after Software Changes. To ensure proper system operation, this product must be tested in accordance with NFPA 72 Chapter 7 after any programming operation or change in site-specific soft- ware. Reacceptance testing is required after any change, addition or deletion of system components, or after any modification, repair or adjustment to system hardware or wiring.
All components, circuits, system operations, or software functions known to be affected by a change must be 100% tested. In addition, to ensure that other operations are not inadvertently affected, at least 10% of initiating devices that are not directly affected by the change, up to a maximum of 50 de- vices, must also be tested and proper system operation verified.
This system meets NFPA requirements for operation at 0-49° C/32-120° F and at a relative humidity of 85% RH (non- condensing) at 30° C/86° F. However, the useful life of the system's standby batteries and the electronic components may be adversely affected by extreme temperature ranges and humidity. Therefore, it is recommended that this system and all peripherals be installed in an environment with a nominal room temperature of 15-27° C/60-80° F.
Verify that wire sizes are adequate for all initiating and indicating device loops. Most devices cannot tolerate more than a 10% I.R. drop from the specified device voltage.
Like all solid state electronic devices, this system may operate erratically or can be damaged when subjected to lightning-induced transients. Although no system is completely immune from lightning transients and interferences, proper grounding will reduce susceptibility. Overhead or outside aerial wiring is not recommended, due to an increased susceptibility to nearby lightning strikes. Consult with the Technical Services Department if any problems are anticipated or encountered.
Disconnect AC power and batteries prior to removing or inserting circuit boards. Failure to do so can damage circuits.
Remove all electronic assemblies prior to any drilling, filing, reaming, or punching of the enclosure. When possible, make all cable entries from the sides or rear. Before making modifications, verify that they will not interfere with battery, transformer, and printed circuit board location.
Do not tighten screw terminals more than 9 in-lbs.
Over-tightening may damage threads, resulting in reduced terminal contact pressure and difficulty with screw terminal removal.
Though designed to last many years, system components can fail at any time. This system contains static-sensitive components. Always ground yourself with a proper wrist strap before handling any circuits so that static charges are re- moved from the body. Use static-suppressive packaging to protect electronic assemblies removed from the unit.
Follow the instructions in the installation, operating, and programming manuals. These instructions must be followed to avoid damage to the control panel and associated equipment. FACP operation and reliability depend upon proper installation by authorized personnel.
FCC Warning
WARNING: This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for class A computing device pursuant to Subpart B of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which is designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in
a residential area is likely to cause interference, in which case the user will be required to correct the interference
at his own expense.
Canadian Requirements
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A
limits for radiation noise emissions from digital
apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.
Le present appareil numerique n'emet pas de bruits radioelectriques depassant les limites applicables aux appareils numeriques de la classe A prescrites dans le Reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique edicte par le ministere des Communications du Canada.
CHAPTER 1: Product Descript ion
The CK1000 is a 4-zone to 16-zone FACP (Fire Alarm Control Panel), which uses conventional input devices. The panel accepts water flow devices, two-wire smoke detectors, four-wire smoke detectors, pull stations and other normally-open contact devices. Outputs include four Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC, SOUND1-4), three standard Form-A relays (alarm, trouble and supervisory) and an EIA-485 port to interface with remote annunciators and optional remote relay modules. The FACP is field programmable via the panel keypad. It also supervises all wiring, AC voltage and battery level.
This series of panels are basically the same in application and operation, their differences are shown in Table 1-1. CK1000 will be described as the example in the following sections.
Table 1-1
|
FACP
|
Number of Detection Zones
|
Number of Sounder Outputs
|
Output Delay Settings
|
|
CK1004
|
4
|
1
|
N/A
|
|
CK1008
|
8
|
2
|
N/A
|
|
CK1016
|
16
|
4
|
N/A
|
1.1 Product Features
l 4,8,16 Class B Initiating Device Circuits (IDCs)
✓ All zones accept conventional detectors and any normally open contact device
l Four Class B Notification Appliance Circuits (NACs)
l One Form-A Alarm Relay
l One Form-A Trouble Relay
l One Form-A Supervisory Relay
l 3.0 amps of system power
l Max 20 conventional detectors in one zone.
l Auto/Manual mode setting enable walk test.
l Each Zone can be disabled,
l Sound output can be disabled.
l Manual active sound output enabled.
l Able to report short and broken circuit of detection zones.
l Designed with standby batteries and space provision for two sealed lead-acid batteries.
l Testing and disable functions.
